![]() In 1953, Zernike was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “ for his stated phase contrast method, in particular for his invention of the phase contrast microscope“. With the Zernike polynomials named after him, orthogonal functions on the unit circle, Zernike also made another important contribution to optics, which are used, for example, to describe imaging errors. After the war, thousands of phase contrast microscopes were manufactured by several manufacturers, which proved to be very useful in many scientific fields, especially medicine. In 1946, Zernike became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Thus the grotesque situation arose that the Wehrmacht helped a long underestimated invention of Zernike to an industrial breakthrough, while Zernike and his compatriots suffered from oppression by the same forces during the occupation of the Netherlands. In Phase contrast microscopy, contrast is produced by interference of different phase light waves after object passage. It is believed that the Zeiss factories at Jena underestimated the value of his invention and it took almost another decade until the German Wehrmacht took stock of all inventions which might serve in the war that at last the first phase-contrast microscopes were manufactured. Unfortunately for Zernike, his discovery of the phase-contrast phenomenon did not immediately receive great attention. At a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, Zernike first explained his phase contrast technique in microscopy. From 1930 on he was engaged in optics and solved the problem of the influence of lens aberrations on the diffraction pattern at a focus along with his students. Zernike developed a sensitive galvanometer, which was produced by Kipp und Söhne in Delft from 1923. Zernike published papers in the field of statistics in which he for instance introduced the g-function for the correlation of the position of two molecules in a liquid. In 1913, Zernike was invited to become the assistant to the Professor of Astronomy at Groningen University, Jacobus Kapteyn and was occupied with his first teaching post in mathematical physics two years later after he received his doctorate in 1915 with a thesis on Critical Opalescence. He received a gold medal from the University of Groningen in 1908 for an essay on probabilities, which later formed the basis of his doctoral thesis. When Zernike entered the University of Amsterdam, he studied chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Frits Zernike himself excelled in the scientific subjects at school and devoted most of his spare time to experiments as well as photography. His parents were both teachers of mathematics, one of his brothers became a professor of physics, and one of his sisters became one of the Netherlands’ foremost literary figures. Frits Zernike’s Nobel lecture, “How I Discovered Phase Contrast” (11December 1953) Frits Zernike – Early Yearsįrits Zernike was born into a family of scientists. Slowest of all, however, are we in inventing new connections or even in applying old ideas in a new field.” And how slow to understand, that is, to see the deeper connections. ![]() How quick are we to learn, that is, to imitate what others have done or thought before. “I am impressed by the great limitations of the human mind. He is best known for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells. I really think for the most part you want to avoid assigning any “human-intuitable-values” to your Zernikes, other than “they represent subtle descriptors of shape”- they’re really most useful for either a) reconstructing shapes (like in the paper I linked) or b) just feeding into an overall unbiased feature model for doing morphological profiling.On July 16 , 1888, Dutch physicist and Nobel Laureate Frits Zernike was born. If I understand the CellProfiler Wiki correctly, the closer the Phase is to 1, the more polarised the cell.įor some of the Zernikes, that will be true, for others not. My understanding there is that the higher the value for any given zernike, the closer that the object matches the red/gray areas- IE a ring-like object will have a low 2_0 value (where value concentrates in the center) but a high 4_0 value (which is low in the center but high in a ring). You definitely want to use the wikipedia-type model, as you’ll notice the zernikes are given with 2 metrics (ie not 1, 2, 3, but 1_1, 5_3, etc). Would you say that “Zernike Phase” is describing the amount of signal in the light grey area in the upper panels (Order) or in the red part of the disk in your Wikipedia panel? ![]()
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